ICT Educational Pioneers

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Contents


Introduction

The ICT Educational Pioneers is a major project within the IAE-pedia. The goal is to collect information about (and from, when still possible) people who made major contributions to the early development and spread of the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education.

ICT in education pioneers are people who were early adopters, took risks, made major and continuing contributions, and who have left a legacy of helping to improve informal and formal education.

The emphasis is on: teachers; teachers of teachers; developers of educational software; authors of computer in education books, articles, and other material; developers of educational hardware; and other people who paved the way for what now exists and what is yet to come.

In this document, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is used in a very broad sense to include the underlying theory, the applications of information and communication technology, teaching about information and communication technology, teaching making use of information and communication technology, and the integration of information and communication technology in all academic subject areas. It includes a broad range of educationally-oriented tools and toys that impact both informal and formal education.

Information for Authors and Editors

This is a project to create an IAE-pedia entry for each of a large number of ICT Educational Pioneers who were early contributors to the field of computers in education. This is a work in progress. We need lots of volunteers help to identify pioneers, locate information about them, and to write about them. The next two subsections will help you get started as a volunteer helping on this project.

  • Pioneers explains how you can help. Go there to suggest names of ICT Educational Pioneers and/or to volunteer your services.
  • Pioneer Template is a template for a "Pioneer" page. Go there if you want to add a brand new page and write about a Pioneer.

Definition

This document does not try to give a careful definition of who was and who wasn't a pioneer in the field of computers in education. Many people ("unsung heroes") contributed—some quite broadly and some more narrowly. Their activities laid the groundwork for where we now are in terms of teaching and learning about, using, and integrating ICT into our informal and formal education systems. Their early efforts empowered many students (of all ages) to learn to use computers and to make use of their learning.

Here is a dictionary definition:

pi·o·neer n

  1. A person or group that is the first to do something or that is a forerunner in creating or developing something new.
  2. Somebody who goes into previously uncharted or unclaimed territory with the purpose of exploring it and possibly colonizing or settling it.
Encarta® World English Dictionary © 1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Developed for Microsoft by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.

Th pioneers entries in the IAE-pedia will capture some of the "essence" of a large number of the early movers and shakers. The IAE pioneers were early adopters and leaders. Many were self taught, learning along side the people (typically students, educators, and parents) that they were leading. They were risk takers, willing to share their fragile knowledge and skills with all who were interested in learning about ICT. Their pioneering work and leadership defined the field of computers in education and helped to move it forward. They often worked in an environment of apathy, misunderstanding, and lack of foresight.

Many of the pioneers have been identified by organizations that give awards and honors to leaders. For example, in 1999 the National Educational Computing Conference honored 20 NECC NECC Pioneers. All 20 had made major contributions to the field of computers in education over a long period of years.

At the same conference, NECC honored 17 NECC Leaders. Somewhat interestingly, only one person—Dave Moursund—was on both lists. With the definition of pioneer being used in the IAE-pedia, probably all 17 of the honored NECC Leaders also fall into the category of pioneers.

Historical Tidbit from 1983 Time Magazine

The Information Age officially began in the United States in 1956. By 1958, a few precollege students were gaining access to computers, and computer courses were beginning to be taught in some colleges and universities. Notice the names of some of the computers in education pioneers mentioned in the 1983 material quoted below.

Quoting from "The CRT Before the Horse," Time Magazine October 10, 1983:

Teachers want them. Parents insist on them. Business requires them. And children are drawn to them like electrons to a cathode-ray tube. Of all the remedies prescribed for the ailing schools, none has generated more excitement than the call for large numbers of desktop computers. This fall 86% of all high schools, 77% of all junior highs and 61% of all grade schools have at least one machine, according to Market Data Retrieval Inc., a Connecticut research firm. But the rush to hardware looks very much like a nationwide case of putting the CRT before the horse. No one has stopped to resolve the basic issue, says David Moursund, professor of computer science at the University of Oregon: "what and how much students should learn about computers."
Many computers are used as high-tech flash cards in math and spelling. Scorning such applications, computer scientists argue that students should be "computer literate," and then argue among themselves about what that means. Berkeley Computer Educator Arthur Luehrmann, who coined the term, has defined it as "the ability to do computing and not merely to recognize, identify or be aware of alleged facts about computing." M.I.T. Professor Seymour Papert, author of the influential book Mindstorms: Children, Computers and Powerful Ideas, agrees, insisting that all children should be taught to program computers, both for the intellectual exercise and for the experience of mastering a piece of modern technology.

Current List of Pioneers

Eventually there may be hundreds of people in this list. Names are being added in alphabetical order as they are suggested by volunteers.

All of these pages should be considered as works in progress. Many are little more than a stub, to get the page started. Gradual progress is occurring in building "solid, substantial" entries for various people on the list.

All of these pages are open for editing and for addition of material. Readers are especially encouraged to share in the Up Close and Personal section of each of these pages. There, we are looking for personal stories about the pioneers.

The following list is alphabetized by last name, but is is also numbered for the purposes of keeping track of how many names are on the list.

  1. Acheson, Keith.
  2. Anderson, G. Ernest (Ernie).
  3. Ahl, David H.
  4. Albrecht, Robert (Bob).
  5. Andree, Richard V.
  6. Atchison, William F. (Bill).
  7. Bialo, Ellen.
  8. Gary Bitter.
  9. Bitzer, Donald (Don).
  10. Brittain, David.
  11. Bigham, Vicki Smith .
  12. Billings, Karen.
  13. Bork, Alfred (Al).
  14. Bransford, John.
  15. Braun, Lud.
  16. Brown, John Seely.
  17. Brumbaugh, Kenneth (Ken).
  18. Bull, Glen L.
  19. Cappo, Marge.
  20. Cerf, Vinton.
  21. Charp, Sylvia.
  22. Crane, Terry.
  23. Davidson, Jan.
  24. Dede, Christopher (Chris.
  25. Engelbart, Douglas (Doug).
  26. Feurzeig, Wallace (Wally).
  27. Finkel, LeRoy.
  28. Goodson, Roberta (Bobby).
  29. Grant, Wayne.
  30. Hawkins, Jan.
  31. Hoffman, Irwin J.
  32. Horwitz, Paul.
  33. Hunter, Beverly.
  34. Hurley, Kathy.
  35. Johnson, David C.
  36. Jongejan, Tony.
  37. Kahn, Robert (Bob) A.
  38. Kahn, Ted M.
  39. Kay, Alan.
  40. Koetke, Walter.
  41. Komoski, Ken.
  42. Kopec, Anita.
  43. Kurshan, Barbara.
  44. Kurzweil, Ray.
  45. LaFrenz, Dale.
  46. Lathrop, Ann.
  47. Licklider, Joseph Carl Robnett (J.C.R).
  48. Linn, Marcia.
  49. Long, Harvey.
  50. Loop, Liza.
  51. Luehrmann, Arthur (Art).
  52. Molnar, Andrew (Andy).
  53. Moursund, David (Dave).
  54. Negroponte, Nicholas.
  55. Nelson, Theodor (Ted).
  56. Olds, Henry.
  57. Papert, Seymour.
  58. Poirot, Jim.
  59. Roberts, Linda.
  60. Rogers, Al.
  61. Roupe, Dick.
  62. Snyder, Tom.
  63. Soloway, Elliot.
  64. Suppes, Patrick (Pat).
  65. Talley, Sue.
  66. Taylor, Robert (Bob).
  67. Thornburg, David.
  68. Tinker, Robert (Bob).
  69. Vernier, David.
  70. Wagner, Sandy.
  71. Whitney, Rusty.
  72. Withrow, Frank.
  73. Yoder, Sharon.
  74. Zamora, Ramon.
  75. Zinn, Karl.

Pioneer Projects Being Done by Other People & Groups

A number of people and groups are collecting and/or have collected lists of names of people that they feel are pioneers. Here are a few of these activities.

Charles Babbage Institute

Charles Babbage Institute.

About the CBI Archives
The CBI Archives collects, preserves and provides access to rich archival collections and rare publications documenting the history of technology, from the era of tabulators and electromechanical calculators in the period prior to World War II, through the development of the electronic digital computer, mainframes, mini and microcomputers, software and networking. Oral histories, photographs, journal and serial publications and a reference library…

Various Early Publication

Various early publications are still available on the Web. The authors of articles in these publications, as well as the editors and publishers, are good candidates for the pioneers list.

The Best of Creative Computing Volume 1. Edited by David Ahl, published 1976. See http://www.atariarchives.org/bcc1/. See also http://www.atariarchives.org/bcc2/ and http://www.atariarchives.org/bcc3/.

Suggestions for Other People to Include

The names given here have been culled from various old computer-in-education documents and from suggestions from readers. Readers should feel free to add to this list and/or to explore this list for names they feel should definitely be added to the Pioneers list.

  • Allison, Dennis
  • Armstrong, Sara
  • Barkley, Tim
  • Becker, Henry
  • Bigham, Vicki Smith
  • Brown, Dean
  • Carnoy, Martin
  • Chen, Milton. Dr. Milton Chen Executive Director, The George Lucas Educational Foundation. Milton Chen, Ph.D., has been a leading figure in educational media for more than 20 years. He joined The George Lucas Educational Foundation (GLEF) as Executive Director in 1998, bringing new leadership to its mission of gathering and disseminating the most innovative models of K-12 teaching and learning in the Digital Age. Before that he was the founding director of the KQED Center for Education & Lifelong Learning (PBS) in San Francisco, delivering educational services for teachers, parents, and community groups in support of public TV programming. He has been a director of research at the Children's Television Workshop in New York, and an assistant professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Most recently, Dr. Chen has served as a consultant to Children Now, Educational Development Center, Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education, and Scholastic. He received an A.B. in social studies from Harvard College and an M.A. and Ph.D. in communication research from Stanford University.
  • Cole, Phyllis
  • Collins, Sue. Sue Collins KCH Strategies. Principal, KCH Strategies, has been a teacher, district and state administrator, and hardware and software company executive. She has held the positions of Director of the North American Education Division for Compaq Computer Corp., Manager of strategic initiatives for the Education Division of Apple Computer, SVP for Jostens Learning Corp., SVP and General Manager for bigchalk.com, and Chief Education Officer of Apex Learning. Ms. Collins has also served on the Web-based Education Commission and as Member and Co-Chair of the SIIA Education Division Board.
  • Conine, Rachel
  • Critchfield, Margot
  • D'Ignazio, Fred
  • Emeagwali, Philip
  • Fisher, Glenn
  • Gilbert, Steve
  • Hakansson, Joyce
Murray Turoff and Starr Roxanne Hiltz are key innovators and the premier theorists of computer-mediated communications. Turoff and Hiltz wrote the seminal book that helped define the electronic frontier: The Network Nation. The term we currently use for online discussions, "computer conferencing," was popularized by Turoff almost a quarter-century ago. The term was no metaphor--it was a literal description of what they had built in the EIES ("Eyes") system -- that is, a system that allowed people to "confer" via the computer. Hiltz's notion that computer conferencing could form the basis of communities is a concept that increasingly dominates popular discussion of online conferencing systems. Hiltz and Turoff forecast most of the common uses and conventions of online conferencing systems that we see today.
  • Honey, Margaret
Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper (December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Naval officer. A pioneer in the field, she was one of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, and she developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.[1][2][3][4][5] Because of the breadth of her accomplishments and her naval rank, she is sometimes referred to as "Amazing Grace". The U.S. Navy destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70) (see below) was named for her.
Throughout much of her later career, Grace Hopper was much in demand as a speaker at various computer-related events. She was well-known for her lively and irreverent speaking style, as well as a rich treasury of early "war stories". She also received the nickname "Grandma COBOL".

While she was working on a Mark II Computer at Harvard University, her associates discovered a moth stuck in a relay and thereby impeding operation, whereupon she remarked that they were "debugging" the system. Though the term computer bug cannot be definitively attributed to Admiral Hopper, she did bring the term into popularity.[11] The remains of the moth can be found in the group's log book at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.[12]

Grace Hopper is famous for her nanoseconds visual aid. People (such as generals and admirals) used to ask her why satellite communication took so long. She started handing out pieces of wire which were just under one foot long, which is the distance that light travels in one nanosecond. She gave these pieces of wire the metonym "nanoseconds." Later she used the same pieces of wire to illustrate why computers had to be small to be fast. At many of her talks and visits, she handed out "nanoseconds" to everyone in the audience, contrasting them with a coil of wire nearly a thousand feet long, representing a microsecond. Later, while giving these lectures while working for DEC, she passed out packets of pepper which she called picoseconds.[13]
  • McKenzie, Jamie
  • Kemeny, John. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kemeny andhttp://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Kemeny.html. Kemeny and Kurtz develop BASIC and fostered many computer-in-education changes at Dartmouth College.
  • Means, Barbara.
  • O'Brien, Tom.
  • Postman, Neil.
  • Piele, Donald.

http://www.atariarchives.org/bcc2/showpage.php?page=200 Donald Piele.] A number of articles in Volume 3 of the Best of Creative Computing.

See http://www.siia.net/etis/2004/speakers.as Don Rawitsch]] Director, Product Development Programs, CTB/McGraw-Hill. Don Rawitsch joined CTB in 2001, where he is responsible for the planning of all CTB product line programs, including both assessment products and online delivery systems. He has developed applications and managed programs in the educational technology field for the past 30 years with industry leaders MECC and Jostens Learning, and holds a Ph.D. in Education.

  • Schank, Roger
  • Scheingold, Karen
  • Schrock, Kathy
Ivan Sutherland is the father of computer graphics. Author in the 1960s of the first graphics program for computers, Sketchpad, Sutherland is the person chiefly responsible for the recognition that computers can be more than advanced calculating machines--that instead they could be used as a medium for expression and design, an extension of the creative power of the human mind. Now at Sun Microsystems, Sutherland can be credited for making a triggering contribution to the modern-day emphasis on graphics in microcomputers and the beginnings of virtual-reality technology.
  • Turkle, Sherry
Murray Turoff and Starr Roxanne Hiltz are key innovators and the premier theorists of computer-mediated communications. Turoff and Hiltz wrote the seminal book that helped define the electronic frontier: The Network Nation. The term we currently use for online discussions, "computer conferencing," was popularized by Turoff almost a quarter-century ago. The term was no metaphor--it was a literal description of what they had built in the EIES ("Eyes") system -- that is, a system that allowed people to "confer" via the computer. Hiltz's notion that computer conferencing could form the basis of communities is a concept that increasingly dominates popular discussion of online conferencing systems. Hiltz and Turoff forecast most of the common uses and conventions of online conferencing systems that we see today.
  • Verplank, Joann.
  • Watts, Dan.
  • Watts, Molly.
  • Walker, Decker. Professor of Education, Stanford. Research focuses on the use of information technology in schools and classrooms, and techniques of formative research to guide the development of interactive multimedia systems in pre-college education.
  • Warlick, David.
  • Weizenbaum, Joseph
  • Winograd, Terry
  • Yoder, Sharon

People really important in education in general.

Bransford, John See: http://life-slc.org/. http://education.washington.edu/areas/ep/profiles/faculty/bransford.html http://unjobs.org/authors/john-d.-bransford Schwartz, Daniel; Bransford, John; and Sears, David (2005). Efficiency and Innovation in Transfer. Transfer of Learning from a Modern Multidisciplinary Perspective, pages 1–51 Copyright © 2005 by Information Age Publishing All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. Retrieved 2/17/09: http://aaalab.stanford.edu/papers/Innovation%20in%20Transfer.pdf.

Authors of this Document

This document was initially created by David Moursund. In its current form, it reflects input by several other volunteers, including Grant Conway and Dick Ricketts.

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